Allergy - Cytology - Endocrinology - Haematology - Microbiology - Pathology - Serology - London, St. Helens & Dublin Services

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      Reference Ranges

 1. THE ROLE OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
 2. DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY SERVICE
  3. GUIDE TO BLOOD SAMPLING VENIPUNCTURE
 4. A GUIDE TO URINE SAMPLING
 5. A GUIDE TO SKIN SCRAPES AND OTHER DERMATOLOGICAL SAMPLING 
 6. MICROBIOLOGICAL SAMPLING
7. A GUIDE TO FAECES SAMPLING
8. ANTICOAGULANTS & THEIR APPLICATION FOR BLOOD SAMPLING  
9. BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES AND INDIVIDUAL BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
10. GUIDE TO ENDOCRINOLOGY
11. FARM ANIMAL PROFILES
12. A GUIDE TO SEROLOGICAL TESTING  
13. TOXICOLOGY
14. APPENDIX 1-7 
15. AXIOM'S - REFERENCE RANGES 

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Our reference ranges relate to our methods in our particular lab. They are offered on all our reports. In addition the lab has reference ranges for many less common species, gleaned from our own data and other published material. Please telephone for these. Reference ranges refer to 95% of the population, there will be changes for juveniles, aged and pregnant animals and there will be slight variations between breeds and gender. As such the following are only a guide, hence the very wide range of some values in some species. Our Veterinary Clinical Pathologists will offer more precise advice when necessary in their interpretive reports.

CANINE FELINE EQUINE T. B. BOVINE OVINE
Albumin g/L 25-37 21-39 23-38 21-34 27-37 24-32
Total protein g/L  54-77  54-78  57-84 43-67  70-88  65-78
Globulin g/L  23-52  15-57  16-50  22-50  32-56  27-50
Urea mmol/L  1.7-7.4  6.0-10 2.5-8.3    2.8-6.1  3.5 -6.6  3.0-8.0
 Creatinine mmol/L  0-106  80-180  60-147  106-168  44-165  44-150
 Total bilirubin mmol/L  0-16  0-10  10-40  10-40  0-9   0-10
 Calcium mmol/L  2.3-3.0  1.6-3.0  2.6-3.5  2.6-3.5  2.2-2.7  2.88-3.20
 Phosphorus mmol/L  0.8-1.6  1.4-2.6  0.8-1.8  0.8-1.8  1.1-2.1  1.62-2.36
 CK U/IL@ 37 c  0-190  0-152  0-300  0-300  0-100   0-100
 gGT U/L @ 37 c  0-27  0-27  0-34  0-55  0-20   0-27
 GLDH U/L @ 37 c  0-10  0-10  0-12  0-12  0-10   0-20
 LDH U/L @ 37 c  0-160  0-120  0-320  0-320    
 ALP U/L @ 37 c  0-50  0-40  0-200   0-200    
 SIP U/L @ 37 c      0-100  0-100    
 AST U/L @ 37 c  0-49  0-69  0-240  0-330  0-196  0-196
 ALT U/L @ 37 c  0-25  0-20  0-25*  0-25*   0-40*  
 Glucose mmol/L  2.0-5.5  4.3-6.6  2.8-5.5  3.4-5.9  2.0-3.0  2.0-3.0
 Cholesterol mmol/L  3.8-7.0  1.9-3.9  2.3-3.6  2.3-3.6  1.0-3.0  1.0-2.6
 Amylase U/L@ 30 c  100-900  400-1250        
 Lipase U/L @ 30 c  0-250  0-200        
 Sodium mmol/L  139-154  120-155  135-150   133-143  136-145  140-155
 Potassium mmol/L  3.6-5.6  3.6-5.6  3.0-6.6   3.3-5.3  4.3-5.7  4.0-5.5
 Na/k ratio  27-38          
 Chloride mmol/L  105-122  112-129  98-102  93-105  95-110  98-115
 Bile acids fasting mmol/L  0-10  0-15        
 Bile acids post mmol/L  0-15  0-15        
 NEFFA mmol/L          0-400   0-400
 BHB mmol/L          0.0-0.9  0.0-0.9
 GSH-Px u/ml rbc @ 37 c      39-250  39-250  39-250  39-250
 Vit E mmol/L      3-20  3-20  3-18  
 Free T4 pmol/L  6.6-40  10-40  10-40      
 Total T4 nmol/L  15-40  15-40  12-31  12-31  46-115  38-79
 TS H ng/ml  0.01-0.60          
 Cortisol basal nmol/L  50-250  0-200        
 Cortisol post ACTH  150-550  0-550        
 Cortisol post dex 8 hrs  0-40          
 Magnesium mmol/L  0.6-1.1  0.6-1.1   0.6-1.1  0.62-0.86  0.74-1.30  0.7-1.2
 Copper mmol/L (serum)      14-22  14-22  10-15  9-20
 Copper mmol/L (plasma)      11-20  11-20  8-15  7-20
 Selenium mg/ml      0.05-0.70    0.08-3.00  
 B12 pmol/L  140-300  120-350      90-2000  220-2000
 Folate nmol/L  11-30  9.0-25        
 IgGT mg/dl      10-1,500 10-1,500     
 Fibrinogen g/I  2-4  2-4  1-5  1-4  3-7  1-5
 WBC x 109/l  6-15  4-15  6-12  7-14  3.5-10  4-10
 RBC x 1012/l  5.0-8.5  5.5-10  5.5-9.5  7.0-13  4.5-9.0  5.0-10
 Hb g/dl  12-18  8.0-15  8.0-14  10-18   9.5-14.5  8.0-14
 PCV 1/1   37-55  27-50  24-44  32-55  30-40  22-38
 MCV fl  60-80  40-55  39-52  37-50  40-60  23-48
 MCH pg  19-23  13-17  15.2-18.6  13.3-18  14.4-18.6  9.0-13
 MCHC g/dl  31-34  31-34  30-35  31-38  26-34  29-35
 Platelets x 109/l  200-500  200-600  90-400  90-400  200-300  200-700
 Neutrophils%  60-70  45-75  35-75  30-65  21-49  18-32

 absolute x 109/l
 3.0-11.5  2.5-12.5  2.7-6.0  2.7-5.5  0.6-4.0  0.7-6.0
 Band neutrophils %  0-2  0-3  rare  rare  rare  rare

 absolute x 109/l
 0.0-0.3  0.0-0.3        
 Lymphocytes%  12-30  25-33  15-50  25-70  40-60  65-72

 absolute x 109/l
  1.0-4.8  1.5-7.0  1.5-5.0  1.5-5.5  2.5-7.5  2.0-9.0
 Monocytes%  3-10   0-4  2-10  0-7  2-10  0-10

 absolute x 109/l
 0.0-1.3  0.0-0.8  0.0-0.7  0.0-0.7  0.0-0.9  0.0-0.7
 Eosinophils%  2-10  4-12   2-12   1-11  0-16  0-10

 absolute x 109/l
 0.1-1.25  0.0-1.5  0.0-0.9  0.0-0.5  0.0-2.4  0.0-1.0
 Basophils%  0.0-1.0  0.0-1.0  0.0-3.0   0.0-5.0  0.0-1.0   0.0-2.0

 absolute x 109/l
           
  * not used in horses/cattle
   CANINE  FELINE   EQUINE  T. B.  BOVINE  OVINE

Axiom Veterinary Laboratories Ltd © 2006 Ref. LABORATORIES GUIDE_250906 ISSUE No. 6

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Axiom Veterinary Laboratories Ltd.
The Manor House, Brunel Road, Newton Abbot, Devon TQ12 4PB, UK.
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